A horn without valves is known as a natural horn, changing pitch along the natural harmonics of the instrument (similar to a bugle). ![]() The backward-facing orientation of the bell relates to the perceived desirability to create a subdued sound in concert situations, in contrast to the more piercing quality of the trumpet. Most horns have lever-operated rotary valves, but some, especially older horns, use piston valves (similar to a trumpet's) and the Vienna horn uses double-piston valves, or pumpenvalves. Pitch is controlled through the combination of the following factors: speed of air through the instrument (controlled by the player's lungs and thoracic diaphragm) diameter and tension of lip aperture (by the player's lip muscles-the embouchure) in the mouthpiece plus, in a modern French horn, the operation of valves by the left hand, which route the air into extra sections of tubing.
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